Mining Critical Materials from Seawater and Brine

Technology Roadmap Sections and Deliverables

This technology roadmap is given the unique identifier:

Roadmap Overview

There are a variety of potential sources of lithium globally including minerals (e.g. clay, seawater, etc.); lithium-ion battery recycling; and saltwater brines (e.g. geothermal, continental, salt lakes, oil fields, etc.). We are focused on exploring lithium extraction from geothermal brines for a variety of reasons. One is that the concentration of lithium is higher in geothermal brines (approximately 300 ppm) than in other potential sources of lithium such as saltwater. Further, the Salton Sea in Southern California hosts a high concentration of lithium and is an attractive natural resource for the United States to take advantage of. Roughly 13 geothermal plants operate in this region with a combined electric generating capacity of 375 megawatts (MW), which together generate enough brine to recover a potential 200 metric tons of lithium per year - enough to supply the global demand for lithium. We are roadmapping a sorbent technology that extracts lithium from geothermal brines with a focus on how this technology can be applied to geothermal plants in Southern California. Below are two graphics breaking out the schematic (left) and R&D boundaries (right) for the sorbent technology.